What is defined as high-energy radiation that can lead to cell damage?

High-energy radiation that has the potential to cause cell damage is defined as ionizing radiation. This type of radiation possesses enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of charged particles or ions. This ionization process can lead to significant biological effects, including damage to DNA, which can increase the risk of cancer and other health issues.

In contrast, alpha and beta radiation, while they are forms of ionizing radiation, are specific types that fall under the broader category of ionizing radiation. Alpha radiation consists of helium nuclei and has limited penetration capability, while beta radiation consists of high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted by radioactive decay. Non-ionizing radiation, on the other hand, is characterized by lower energy levels that do not have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules, thereby not posing the same level of risk for cell damage as ionizing radiation.

Thus, the correct definition encompasses the broader characteristics of ionizing radiation, emphasizing its potential to lead to cell damage.